4 research outputs found

    Socket Intents: OS Support for Using Multiple Access Networks and its Benefits for Web Browsing

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    In today's Internet, mobile devices are connected to multiple access networks, e.g., WiFi/DSL and LTE. To take advantage of the networks' diverse paths characteristics (delay, bandwidth, and reliability) and aggregate bandwidth, we need smart strategies for choosing which interface(s) to use for what traffic. In this paper, we present an approach how to tackle this challenge as part of the Operating System (OS): With the concept of Socket Intents, applications can express what they know about their communication pattern and their preferences. Using our Socket Intents Prototype and our modified BSD Socket Interface, this information is used to choose the most appropriate path or path combination on a per message or per connection basis. We evaluate our system based on the use case of Web browsing: Using our prototype and a client-side proxy, we show the feasibility and benefits of our design. Using a flow-based simulator and a full factorial experimental design, we study a broad range of access network combinations (based on typical DSL and LTE scenarios) and real workloads (Alexa Top 100 and Top 1000 Web Sites). Our policies achieve performance benefits in more than 50% of the cases and speedups of more than factor two in 20% of the cases without adding overhead in the other cases.Comment: Submitted to IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networkin

    Web performance pitfalls data

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    This dataset contains data from the experiment runs of the paper "Web Performance Pitfalls", published by Springer in the Conference Proceedings of the Passive and Active Measurement Conference 2019 (PAM 2019). It includes the load times, HAR files, and resource timing log files Web page loads. In total, the dataset consists of 50 experiment runs, each loading 1000 Web pages, using different browsers and browser automation tools. See https://github.com/theri/web-measurement-tools for more information

    Informierte Auswahl von Zugangsnetzwerken zur Verbesserung der Performance von Applikationen

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    Adverse network conditions, such as long latency or low downstream capacity, may degrade application performance and lead to a bad Quality of Experience (QoE) for users, such as long Web page load times or interrupted video playback. As applications are highly diverse, connectivity via a single access network may not be able to satisfy all application needs. Since an end-user device often has multiple access networks available, there is the potential to select between access networks or to aggregate the capacity of multiple access networks. However, this potential is not yet fully utilized due to the limitations of existing systems and the networking Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) they provide. Many end-user devices today default to WiFi and use cellular only as a fallback, even though WiFi may provide suboptimal performance for some or for all applications. Existing ways of aggregating multiple access networks, such as Multipath TCP (MPTCP), are typically application-agnostic and may not provide benefits for all types of applications or for all kinds of traffic. Therefore, the goal of this thesis is Informed Access Network Selection (IANS) enabling end-user devices to select the best suitable access network(s) based on application needs and network performance characteristics. To this end, we design Socket Intents as an abstraction for application needs, collect network performance characteristics, and design IANS policies for Web browsing and HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS). We implement IANS within the Socket Intents prototype, which enables applications to communicate their needs through an enhanced networking API. Using the Socket Intents prototype, we evaluate the performance benefits of IANS for Web browsing and HAS compared to using a single access network and using MPTCP. For Web browsing, we find that IANS can improve relevant Web performance metrics, e.g., Above-The-Fold times, by between 500 and 1000 ms in the median compared to using the faster single access network. IANS shows the most significant speedups under asymmetric network conditions with short latency but low downstream capacity on one network and high downstream capacity but long latency on another network. In such cases, IANS outperforms MPTCP, as MPTCP can experience performance problems caused by self-induced congestion on the low downstream capacity network. For HAS, IANS shows the most significant benefits in scenarios with low available downstream capacities. Here, we see cases in which IANS improves HAS performance substantially, e.g., a “bad” Mean Opinion Score (MOS) of 2.1 on a single network to a “good” MOS of 2.8, while MPTCP hurts performance as it continues to use a low downstream capacity network. In conclusion, we find that access network selection benefits from application awareness. Especially in scenarios with low downstream capacity on one or more available access networks, IANS improves application performance for Web browsing and HAS by selecting the most suitable single access network or combining multiple access networks if possible. Using an enhanced networking API allows us to make IANS available to different applications. Moreover, such an API may enable applications to use new protocols without requiring further modifications.Schlechte Bedingungen im Netzwerk, wie beispielsweise hohe Latenz oder niedrige Downstream-KapazitĂ€t, können die Performance einer Applikation vermindern und zu einem schlechten Nutzererlebnis fĂŒhren, etwa zu langen Ladezeiten einer Webseite oder zu Unterbrechungen des Abspielens eines Videos. Da Applikationen sehr unterschiedlich sind, kann die Anbindung durch ein einzelnes Zugangsnetzwerk möglicherweise nicht die Anforderungen aller Applikationen erfĂŒllen. Weil ein EndgerĂ€t oft mehrere Zugangsnetzwerke zur Auswahl hat, besteht das Potential, das passendste Netzwerk fĂŒr eine Applikation auszuwĂ€hlen oder die KapazitĂ€t mehrerer Zugangsnetzwerke zusammenzufassen. Jedoch wird dieses Potential noch nicht vollstĂ€ndig ausgeschöpft, da existierende Systeme und die von ihnen zur VerfĂŒgung gestellten Netzwerk-Applikationsschnittstellen (APIs) dies oft nicht unterstĂŒtzen. Viele der heutigen EndgerĂ€te benutzen automatisch WiFi und greifen auf Mobilfunknetze nur als Reserve zurĂŒck, obwohl WiFi möglicherweise suboptimale Performance fĂŒr manche oder alle Applikationen bietet. Existierende Technologien um mehrere Zugangsnetzwerke zusammenzufassen, wie etwa Multi-Path TCP (MPTCP), haben kein Wissen ĂŒber die Applikation und stellen möglicherweise nicht fĂŒr alle Arten von Applikationen oder fĂŒr allen Datenverkehr Verbesserungen bereit. Daher ist das Ziel dieser Dissertation Informed Access Network Selection (IANS), die EndgerĂ€ten ermöglicht, basierend auf den BedĂŒrfnissen der Applikation und der Netzwerkperformance das oder die am besten geeignete(n) Zugangsnetzwerk(e) auszuwĂ€hlen. Um dies zu erreichen, entwerfen wir Socket Intents als eine Abstraktion fĂŒr Applikationsanforderungen, ermitteln die Performanceeigenschaften der Netzwerke, und entwerfen IANS-Policies fĂŒr Web-Browsing und HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS). Wir implementieren IANS innerhalb des Socket Intents-Prototypen, der Applikationen erlaubt, ihre Anforderungen durch eine erweiterte Netzwerk-API zu kommunizieren. Unter Benutzung des Socket Intents-Prototypen evaluieren wir die Performanceverbesserungen durch IANS fĂŒr Web-Browsing und HAS im Vergleich zu der Benutzung eines einzelnen Zugangsnetzwerks und MPTCP. FĂŒr Web-Browsing stellen wir fest, dass IANS relevante Web-Performance-Metriken verbessert, indem sie beispielsweise Above-The-Fold-Zeiten um zwischen 500 und 1000 ms im Median verkĂŒrzt, verglichen mit dem schnelleren einzelnen Zugangsnetzwerk. IANS zeigt die grĂ¶ĂŸten Verbesserungen unter asymmetrischen Netzwerkbedingungen mit kurzer Latenz aber geringer Downstream-KapazitĂ€t auf einem Netzwerk und hoher Downstream-KapazitĂ€t aber hoher Latenz auf einem anderen Netzwerk. In solchen FĂ€llen erreicht IANS eine grĂ¶ĂŸere Verbesserung als MPTCP, da MPTCP Performance-Probleme herbeifĂŒhren kann, indem es das Netzwerk mit der geringeren Downstream-KapazitĂ€t ĂŒberlastet. FĂŒr HAS zeigt IANS die signifikantesten Verbesserungen in FĂ€llen, in denen nur geringe Downstream-KapazitĂ€t in den Zugangsnetzwerken verfĂŒgbar ist. Hier sehen wir FĂ€lle, in denen IANS die Performance von HAS substanziell verbessert, etwa von einem “schlechten” Mean Opinion Score (MOS) von 2.1 auf einem einzelnen Netzwerk auf einen “guten” MOS von 2.8, wĂ€hrend MPTCP die Performance verschlechtert, da es ein Netzwerk mit geringer Downstream-KapazitĂ€t weiterhin benutzt. Abschließend stellen wir fest, dass die Auswahl zwischen Zugangsnetzwerken von Applikationswissen profitiert. Insbesondere in Szenarien mit niedriger Downstream-KapazitĂ€t auf einem oder mehreren verfĂŒgbaren Zugangsnetzwerken verbessert IANS die Performance der Applikationen Web-Browsing und HAS, indem es das am besten passende Zugangsnetzwerk auswĂ€hlt oder mehrere Zugangsnetzwerke kombiniert, falls möglich. Die Verwendung einer erweiterten Netzwerk-API erlaubt es uns, IANS verschiedenen Applikationen zur VerfĂŒgung zu stellen. Desweiteren kann eine solche API es Applikationen ermöglichen, neue Protokolle zu verwenden, ohne dass die Applikationen noch einmal modifiziert werden mĂŒssen.EC/FP7/257422/EU/Enabling Innovation in the Internet Architecture through Flexible Flow-Processing Extensions/CHANG

    Prompt gamma spectroscopy for range control with CeBr3

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    The ultimate goal of radiotherapy using external beams is to maximize the dose delivered to the tumor while minimizing the radiation given to surrounding healthy critical organs. Prompt Gamma Spectroscopy (PGS) has been proposed for range control of particle beams along with the determination of the elemental composition of irradiated tissues. We aim at developing a PGS system for the German Cancer Research Center – DKFZ that takes advantage of the superior selectivity of Helium and Carbon beams accelerated at the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center. Preliminary tests with protons accelerated with an IBA C230 cyclotron located at the UniversitĂ€ts Protonen Therapie Dresden were performed at OncoRay – National Center for Radiation Re-search in Oncology. We present results obtained with a PGS system composed of CeBr3 detectors (Ø 2’’ × 2’’) and (Ø 1.5’’ × 3’’) coupled to a Hamamatsu R13089 photomulti-plier tube and plugged to a Target U100 Spectrometer. Such system provides accurate time-of-flight measurements to increase the signal-to-noise ratio relative to neutron-induced background. First measurements resulted from the irradiation of PMMA and water phantoms, and graphite and aluminum bricks. Several PG energy lines ranging from 0.511 MeV up to 8 MeV were identified and compared with reference re-sults. Two further experiments consisted in irradiating PMMA phantoms in a slit- and semi-collimated configuration with mono-energetic proton beams of 165 MeV and 224 MeV, respectively. Results acquired by means of trans-versal PGS at different phantom depths, ranging from 6 cm before the Bragg peak (BP) to 3.5 cm beyond the BP in 5 mm steps with a 1 cm slit collimation (tungsten) showed a slight decrease of PG yields after the BP. Similar measurements with a semi-opened collimation configuration demonstrated a steeper decrease of PG yields after the BP
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